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Navigation Home page Basic Turkish  Alphabet and Pronounciation Basic Information Grammer Vowel Harmony Vowel Harmony 2 Consonant Changes Suffixes Plurals Personal Pronouns Possession 'To Be' Positive Tense 'To Be' Negative Tense Present Continuous Tense Past Continuous Tense Simple Present Positive Tense Simple Present Negative Tense Simple Past Tense Future Tense 'There is' and 'There isn't' 'Let....' 'If.....' Apparently Necessity   'To Be' Positive   To say 'i am...', for example 'i am fine', a suffix is used. Personal pronouns can be used before the adjective but are not necessarily needed as the suffix will make it clear who the subject is, eg 'I am fine = Ben iyiyim'. The personal pronouns are usually only used for emphasis. The suffixes are;   I am.... = '-(y)im' You are...(singular/familiar) = '-sin' He/She/It is... = '-dir' (but this is usually left out.) We are... = '-(y)iz' You are...(plural/polite) = '-siniz' They are... = '-dirler'   (the 'y' in brackets is only used if the last letter in the adjective is a vowel, e.g iyiyim, kötüyüm)   Each of these suffixes change according to vowel harmony. For example; 'I am....' = '-(y)im'. But, if the last vowel in the adjective is;   'e' or 'i' - stays as 'i' = -(y)im 'a' or '' - changes to '' = -(y) m 'ü' or 'ö - changes to 'ü' = -(y)üm 'u' or 'o' - changes to 'u' = -(y)um examples 'I am fine' = 'iyiyim' 'I am happy' = 'mutluyum' etc   This is the same with each personal ending, for example; 'i am....' would change to either '-(y)im/ m/üm/um' 'you are....' would change to either '-sin/sn/sün/sun' 'he/she/it is...' would change to either '-dir/dr/dür/dur' (the '-dir' may change to '-tir' according to consonant changes ) 'you are...' would change to either '-siniz/snz/sünüz/sunuz'     examples iyi = fine iyiyim = i am fine   kötü = bad kötüsün = you am bad   hot = scak he is hot = scak   English = Ingiliz we are English = Ingiliziz   young = genç you are young = gençsiniz   Türk = Turkish Türktürler = they are Turkish 'To be' Past tense To turn this tense into past tense, such as 'I was fine', or 'You were funny', we must add the past suffix to the adjective which is '-(y)di'. Just like the other suffixes, this changes according to vowel harmony and becomes either '-(y)di/d/dü/du'. The 'y' in brackets is only used if the last letter was a vowel. This suffix can also turn into '-ti/t/tü/tu' if the last letter in the word was either 'p/t/k/ç/s//f/h'.   After adding the past suffix to the word, we must then add the personal suffixes which are; 'I....' - 'm' 'You....'(singular/familiar) - 'n' 'He/she/it...' - (no personal ending) 'We.....' - 'k' 'You.....'(plural/polite) - 'niz' 'They.....' - 'ler' (don't forget to change the vowels according to vowel harmony)   examples 'I am fine' = 'iyiyim' 'I was fine' = 'iyi-ydi-m' = 'iyiydim' 'You were happy' = 'mutlu-ydu-n' = 'mutluydun' 'It was nice' = 'Güzel-di' = 'güzeldi' 'We were sad' = 'üzgün-dü-k' = üzgündük' 'You were tired' = 'yorgun-du-nuz' = yorgundunuz' 'They were English' = 'Ingiliz-di-ler' = 'Ingilizdiler'     Asking Questions To turn this tense into a question, such as 'Am I English?' or 'Are you alright?' we must add the question marker '-mi?' after the adverb, then add the personal suffix after that.   examples 'Am i happy? = 'mutlu muyum?' 'Are you tired?' = 'yorgun musun?' 'Is he alright?' = 'iyi mi?' 'Are we here?' = 'burada m yz?' 'Are you happy?' = 'mutlu musunuz?' 'Are they Turkish?' = 'Türkler mi?' ('They' is the exception as the marker always comes last).   With questions in the past tense, simply add '-(y)mi....' to the adverb. examples 'Were you tired?' = 'yorgun muydun?' 'Were they alright?' = 'iyi miydiler?' etc   Test Yourself! Using the following vocabulary, translate these sentences from English to Turkish.   kötü = bad üzgün = upset mutlu = happy hasta = ill souk = cold scak = hot Türk = Turkish   example - i am upset = üzgünüm 1) You (singular/familiar) are bad - ___________________ 2) Were they ill? - ___________________ 3) I was happy - ______________________ 4) She is cold - ___________________ 5) You (plural/polite) are hot - ____________________ 6) We were bad - _______________________ 7) I am Turkish - _______________________ 8) Is he ill? - ___________________________   Translate the following sentences from Turkish to English   example - scaksn = you are hot 1) Türk - ____________________ 2) kötüyüm - _______________________ 3) mutluydu - __________________ 4) hastaym - __________________ 5) hasta mydn z - __________________ 6) üzgündürler - ___________________ 7) soukturlar - __________________ 8) mutlu muyuz? - ___________________   Answers 1) You (singular/familiar) are bad - kötüsün 2) Were they ill? - hasta mdlar? 3) I was happy - mutluydum 4) She is cold - souk 5) You (plural/polite) are hot - scaksnz 6) We were bad - kötüydük 7) I am Turkish - Türküm 8) Is he ill? - hasta m?   1) Türk - he is Turkish 2) kötüyüm - I am bed 3) mutluydu - He was happy 4) hastaym - I am ill 5) hasta mydn z? -  Were you ill? 6) üzgündürler - They are upset 7) soukturlar - They are cold 8) mutlu muyuz - Are we happy?       learn-turkish@hotmail.com   Useful Info Useful Words 1 Useful Words 2 (inc. Verbs) Useful Phrases Numbers Days, Months and Seasons Telling the time Other  About Me Forum Guestbook Links Search This Site E-Mail Me! Useful Verbs  gelmek - to come          gitmek - to go             kalmak - to stay                    yemek - to eat             sevmek - to love         yapmak - to do            olmak - to be      o?enmek - to learn           ö?retmek - to teach        uyumak - to sleep            istemek - to want                ya$amak - to live